Metaphyseal Fracture Healing
نویسندگان
چکیده
Most of what is known about fracture healing comes from studies of shaft fractures in long bones. In contrast, patients more often have fractures closer to the ends (metaphyses). Here most bone tissue has a spongy, cancellous structure different from the compact bone of the shaft. There is an increasing awareness that metaphyseal fractures heal differently. However, the more easily studied shaft healing has usually been considered as good enough representative for fracture healing in general. My work shows that the biology of metaphyseal healing is more different from shaft healing than was previously known and that this has implications on the effect of various commonly prescribed drugs. First we studied biopsies of healing cancellous bone collected from human donors. We found that the most abundant new bone formation occurred freely in the marrow rather than on the surface of old trabeculae, as described in most literature. There was little cartilage, indicating that the dominant bone formation process is mostly membranous in nature. This is a contrast to the ample cartilage formation commonly found in the well-characterized shaft fracture models. Next we characterized a model that allows for mechanical quantification of regenerating cancellous bone. By contrasting this cancellous healing model with the standard shaft healing model we could demonstrate that the NSAID indomethacin, the glucocorticoid dexamethasone, and the bisphosphonate alendronate all had different effects on the mechanical quality of bone regeneration in shaft and metaphysis; while anti-inflammatory drugs strongly impaired shaft healing, metaphyseal healing was not similarly affected. Alendronate had a positive effect on both models, though the effect was strongest in the metaphyseal model. Taken together these differences shed some light as to the differences in healing biology. The last step (within the boundaries of this thesis) was a characterization of how healing in cortical and cancellous bone differs in terms of immune cell involvement. We could find little difference between the two bone types day 3. However, day 5 an increase in the number of granulocytes could be noted in the cancellous bone while the cortical bone had a higher number of lymphocytes. To conclude, this work furthers our understanding of how metaphyseal healing differs from shaft healing. It has clinical implications as it motivates an increased attention to the site of fracture while contemplating treatment. I hope this thesis can be read as an argument for increased interest in metaphyseal fracture healing. Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Benvävnad kan antingen vara kompakt eller porös och kallas då för kortikal respektive spongiös. Kortikal benvävnad utgör det hårda yttre skalet på alla skelettdelar, spongiös benvävnad finns bland annat inuti ryggkotorna och i ändarna på de långa rörbenen. Så gott som alla studier av frakturläkning görs på frakturer i kortikalt ben. Man vet alltså mycket om hur kortikalt ben läker men betydligt mindre om hur spongiöst ben läker. Länge har man valt att för enkelhetens skull anta att det man vet om läkningen av kortikalt ben gäller även för läkning i spongiöst ben. Vi fann dock att läkningsbiologin i spongiöst ben är mer särpräglad än man tidigare trott. Frakturer i denna vävnadstyp är dessutom vanligare bland patienter. Därför anser vi att ökat fokus bör läggas på att förstå läkning i spongiöst ben. Man bör även tydligare än vad som nu sker uppmärksamma skillnaderna mellan läkning i kortikalt och spongiöst ben. Vi fann att spongiöst ben läker utan brosk (kortikalt ben läker genom en process där det först bildas brosk som sedan gradvis ersätts av ben). Vi fann även att vid frakturer i spongiös benvävnad bildas nytt ben fritt i märgen, i ett förlopp snabbare än vid kortikala skador. En annan egenhet var att benbildningen bara bredde ut sig ett fåtal millimeter från det skadade området, mycket mindre än i ett skaft där läkningsreaktionen kan täcka ett betydligt större område. Vi drar slutsatsen att samma signaler som avgränsar läkningen i spongiösa frakturer inte verkar vara verksamma i skaftfrakturer. Eftersom det finns skillnader i hur frakturer i kortikalt och spongiöst ben läker undersökte vi om de också påverkades olika av läkemedel. Vi testade den relativa effekten av tre preparat från vanligt förekommande läkemedelsfamiljer, där även varunamn som Voltaren, Ipren, Kortison, och Fosamax ingår. De preparat vi undersökte heter indomethacin, dexametason, och alendronat. Tidigare djurförsök har visat på effekter på läkningsprocessen (i skaft). Vi fann dock att den relativa effekten av indomethacin och dexametason var betydligt mindre i spongiöst ben än i kortikalt ben. Alendronat hade en relativt starkare effekt i spongiöst ben än i kortikalt ben. Avslutningsvis studerade vi immunförsvarets reaktion på fraktur i spongiös och kortikal benvävnad för att på cellnivå försöka förstå mer av vad som sker under läkningen i respektive vävnad. Vi fann skillnader, men kan inte avgöra om dessa orsakade de skillnader vi såg i läkemedelsrespons. The thesis is based on the following papers I. Distal radial fractures heal by direct woven bone formation P Aspenberg, O Sandberg Acta Orthopaedica 84 (3), 297-300, 2013 II. Experimental models for cancellous bone healing in the rat: Comparison of drill holes and implanted screws. M Bernhardsson, O Sandberg, P Aspenberg Acta Orthopaedica 86 (6), 745-750, 2015 III. Different effects of alendronate in metaphyseal versus diaphyseal bone healing OH Sandberg, ME Bernhardsson, P Aspenberg Submitted Manuscript IV. Different effects of indomethacin on healing of shaft and metaphyseal fractures O Sandberg, P Aspenberg Acta Orthopaedica 86 (2), 243-247, 2014 V. Glucocorticoids inhibit shaft fracture healing but not metaphyseal bone regeneration under stable mechanical conditions OH Sandberg, P Aspenberg Bone and Joint Research 4 (10), 170-175, 2015 VI. Macrophage depletion inhibits the healing of cancellous bone OH Sandberg, P Aspenberg Manuscript VII. Leukocytes in Cortical and Cancellous Bone Healing: A comparison in mice. L Tätting, O Sandberg, M Bernhardsson, J Ernerudh, P Aspenberg, Manuscript Additional papers not included in the thesis Osteoblast-derived WNT16 represses osteoclastogenesis and prevents cortical bone fragility fractures Movérare-Skrtic S, Henning P, Liu X, Nagano K, Saito H, Börjesson AE, Sjögren K, Windahl SH, Farman H, Kindlund B, Engdahl C, Koskela A, Zhang FP, Eriksson EE, Zaman F, Hammarstedt A, Isaksson H, Bally M, Kassem A, Lindholm C, Sandberg O, Aspenberg P, Sävendahl L, Feng JQ, Tuckermann J, Tuukkanen J, Poutanen M, Baron R, Lerner UH, Gori F, Ohlsson C. Nature medicine 20 (11), 1279-1288, 2014 Bisphosphonate‐induced osteonecrosis of the jaw in a rat model arises first after the bone has become exposed. No primary necrosis in unexposed bone J Abtahi, F Agholme, O Sandberg, P Aspenberg Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 41 (6), 494-499, 2012 Effect of local vs. systemic bisphosphonate delivery on dental implant fixation in a model of osteonecrosis of the jaw J Abtahi, F Agholme, O Sandberg, P Aspenberg Journal of dental research 92 (3), 279-283, 2013 Low-level mechanical stimulation is sufficient to improve tendon healing in rats T Andersson, P Eliasson, M Hammerman, O Sandberg, P Aspenberg Journal of applied physiology 113 (9), 1398-1402, 2012 Histology of 8 atypical femoral fractures: Remodeling but no healing J Schilcher, O Sandberg, H Isaksson, P Aspenberg Acta orthopaedica 85 (3), 280-286, 2014 Etanercept does not impair healing in rat models of tendon or metaphyseal bone injury O Sandberg, P Eliasson, T Andersson, F Agholme, P Aspenberg Acta orthopaedica 83 (3), 305-310, 2012 Anti-RANKL treatment improves screw fixation in cancellous bone in rats M Bernhardsson, O Sandberg, P Aspenberg Injury 46 (6), 990-995, 2015 Influence of a lower leg brace on traction force in healthy and ruptured Achilles tendons OH Sandberg, I Dånmark, P Eliasson, P Aspenberg Muscles, ligaments and tendons journal 5 (2), 63, 2015 Low dose PTH improves metaphyseal bone healing more when muscles are paralyzed O Sandberg, BR Macias, P Aspenberg Bone 63, 15-19, 2014
منابع مشابه
Glucocorticoids inhibit shaft fracture healing but not metaphyseal bone regeneration under stable mechanical conditions
OBJECTIVES Healing in cancellous metaphyseal bone might be different from midshaft fracture healing due to different access to mesenchymal stem cells, and because metaphyseal bone often heals without a cartilaginous phase. Inflammation plays an important role in the healing of a shaft fracture, but if metaphyseal injury is different, it is important to clarify if the role of inflammation is als...
متن کاملCommentary on "a critical review of the classic metaphyseal lesion: traumatic or metabolic?".
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to review the hypothesis that classic metaphyseal lesions represent traumatic changes in abused infants and compare these lesions with healing rickets. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a PubMed search, a multidisciplinary team reviewed studies that reported the histopathologic correlation of classic metaphyseal lesions. Selective studies of growth plate inju...
متن کاملA special healing pattern in stable metaphyseal fractures
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Metaphyseal fractures heal in a rapid fashion that is different from the bone shaft healing process. Animal studies have focused on diaphyseal fractures. We investigated the metaphyseal fracture-healing process in rabbits. ANIMALS AND METHODS 60 rabbits (divided into 12 groups) underwent proximal tibial osteotomy, anatomical reduction, and fixation with screws. After su...
متن کاملInter-trabecular bone formation: a specific mechanism for healing of cancellous bone
Background and purpose - Studies of fracture healing have mainly dealt with shaft fractures, both experimentally and clinically. In contrast, most patients have metaphyseal fractures. There is an increasing awareness that metaphyseal fractures heal partly through mechanisms specific to cancellous bone. Several new models for the study of cancellous bone healing have recently been presented. Thi...
متن کاملA systematic review of current osteoporotic metaphyseal fracture animal models
OBJECTIVES The treatment of osteoporotic fractures is a major challenge, and the enhancement of healing is critical as a major goal in modern fracture management. Most osteoporotic fractures occur at the metaphyseal bone region but few models exist and the healing is still poorly understood. A systematic review was conducted to identify and analyse the appropriateness of current osteoporotic me...
متن کاملA sclerostin antibody enhances metaphyseal bone healing in rats
Introduction: Most fractures occur in osteoporotic cancellous bone in metaphyseal regions. The response to the trauma of inserting a screw in cancellous bone appears similar to metaphyseal fracture repair. The formation of new bone around a screw determines the strength of its fixation. Hence, the bone regenerative response can be measured as a pull-out force. Sclerostin, a secreted glycoprotei...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
عنوان ژورنال:
دوره شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2016